Notebook

4,000 Meters Below
By Claire Nouvian

The deep sea was once thought to be devoid of life. In fact, it is our planet's largest ecosystem, and it's teeming with life. This excerpt from a new book, The Deep, presents essays from leading scientists on bioluminescence, the seafloor, methane seeps, and the history of deep-sea exploration, as well as vibrant photographs of exotic marine life. You'll learn from it, so will your students.

The Exploration of the Deep
By Cindy Lee Van Dover

Living Lights in the Sea
By Edith Widder

The Deep Seafloor: A Desert Devoid of Life?
By Craig M. Young

Gas Promotes Mass: Methane Seeps
By Lisa Levin

Conjuring Cut Scores
By Chester E. Finn, Jr., and Michael J. Petrilli
(This article is available in PDF format only)

If your students score at the "proficient" level in state A, will they do so in state B? If fewer students are "proficient" in middle school than in elementary school, does that mean students are learning less in middle school? Maybe, maybe not. According to a new report, states define proficiency in ways that often defy logic. As a result, parents, teachers, and students don't really know who's proficient—and who's not. And, improvement efforts may get targeted toward the wrong students, the wrong grades, or the wrong subjects.

Ask the Cognitive Scientist
Should Learning Be Its Own Reward?
By Daniel T. Willingham

In recent months, newspaper headlines have focused on a controversial approach to getting students to learn—paying them to take standardized tests, and paying them even more for a job well done. Teachers have long rewarded students with stickers and treats. But do such prizes motivate students? Or, is it actually harmful to reward them like this? Cognitive science sheds light on this growing debate.

A Child's Delight
By Noel Perrin

An American literature professor reflects on three wonderful, but not widely read, books from what he believes was the golden age of children's literature.

Navigating the Age of Exploration
By Ted Widmer

At a time when technology has given us MapQuest and GPS, a historian explains why the long ago discovery of the New World should still have the power to astonish us.